Pelton turbine working, main parts, application with diagram. A brief discussion on a the design philosophy during the last 60 years with will be presented. L argesized francis turbine s are commonly used at hydraulic head range of 20700m. The turbine has a sturdy base which sits on the top of the hydraulic bench. What is reaction turbine principle, working, main components and application.
It is also called as propeller turbine and evolved from the francis turbine. The francis turbine is a type of reaction turbine, a category of turbine in which the working fluid comes to the turbine under immense pressure and the energy is extracted by. Newtons third law describes the transfer of energy for reaction turbines. Water enters the runner and flows towards the center of the wheel in the radial direction and leaves parallel to the axis of the turbine.
Kaplan turbine is now widely used throughout the world for highflow, low head power production. The working principle, main components and its application is discussed in. Now a days francis turbine is the most commonly used turbine because of. These turbines can be used for heads as low as 2 meters and as high as 300 meters. Therefore, in this article, we can discuss both the kaplan turbine and reaction turbine so that we can complete the session of hydraulic turbines. Francis turbines are the most common water turbine in use today. Named for its austrian inventor, viktor kaplan 18761934, the turbine was an outstanding innovation, operating with a high, nearly constant efficiency over a wide load range. Abstract the aim for turbine design is to increase the efficiency and avoid cavitation and fractures during operation. Design, performance and maintenance of francis turbines. The turbine capable of working under the high potential head of water above 300m. It is an inward flow reaction turbine, also known as a radial flow turbine. Boydens turbine working principle of francis turbine it is a clever design which uses both the reaction and impulse force to generate power output better than individual impulse turbine or reaction turbine could produce at same water head conditions. In the case of reaction turbine, the moving blades of a turbine are shaped in such a way that the steam expands and drops in pressure as it passes through them. Francis turbine works on medium head and medium discharge i.
The kaplan turbine was an evolution of the francis turbine. Hydraulic turbines pdfclassification, impulse and reaction. Francis turbines are the most commonly used hydro turbines. The francis turbine is a type of water turbine that was developed by james b. Now a days francis turbine is the most commonly used turbine because of its working conditions. At the highhead range, the flow rate and the output must be large. A radial flow hydraulic turbine of reaction type was first developed by an american engineer, james b. The turbine is located between the highpressure water source and the lowpressure water exit, usually at.
The francis turbine is a water wheel that harnesses the energy of running water and turns it into electricity. Water pressure decreases as it passes through the turbine imparting reaction on the turbine blades making the turbine rotate. There would be a decrease in both kinetic energy and potential energy of water at exit, then. Francis turbine had some limitations which were overcome by kaplan turbine. The schematic diagram of a francis turbine is shown in fig. In the turbine the fluid flows from the pressure penstock into the turbine machine and first flows through a cascade of guide vanes.
Working of francis turbine is explained in this video in a step by step logical manner, with help of animation. It is used when the head is between 80 to 500 metres. In this acrticle we will study about francis turbine definition, construction or parts, working principle, efficiency, advantages, application and pdf. Pdf francis turbines that are directly coupled to a synchronous generator operate at constant rotational speed around a design point characterized by. Its invention allowed efficient power production in the low head application that was not possible with francis turbine. Francis turbine is a reaction turbine in which the working fluid comes to the turbine under immense pressure and the energy is extracted by the turbine blades from the working fluid. The kaplan turbine is a propellertype water turbine which has adjustable blades. In 19, an austrian professor viktor kaplan who developed this turbine combined automatically adjusted propeller blades with automatically adjusted wicket gates to achieve efficiency over a wide range of flow and water level. In this flow, the water flows parallel to the axis of the turbine.
This turbine is used for medium heads with medium discharge. It was designed by american scientist james francis. The francis turbine is a reaction turbine, which means that the working fluid. Francis 181592 and is named after him as the francis turbine. The francis turbine is a laboratoryscale reaction turbine for use with tecquipments digital hydraulic bench h1f, available separately. Its invention allowed efficient power production in low head applications that were not possible with francis turbine. Difference between kaplan and francis turbine compare the. This kaplan turbine is one of the first three machines to be put into service in the united states. Jul 24, 20 working of francis turbine is explained in this video in a step by step logical manner, with help of animation. A part of the fluid energy is converted to mechanical energy because of pressure changes occurring in the blades of the turbine, determined by the expression of. In francis turbine water flow is radial into the turbine and exits the turbine axially. The francis turbine is a reaction turbine and it was developed by james b francis.
Francis turbine is a combination of both impulse and reaction turbine, where the blades rotate using both reaction and impulse force of water flowing through them producing electricity more efficiently. Francis turbines are probably used most extensively because of their wider range of suitable heads, characteristically from three to 600 metres. Application of reaction turbines is in sites with lower heads and higher flow rates. Generally, this kind of turbine has an axial flow runner that has three to six blades based on the water head that the turbine is designed to be utilized. Ge has successfully completed numerous installations of francis turbines with outputs up to 800 mw, including one of the largest francis turbines ever made each with a runner diameter of 10 meters and. It consists of spiral casing, guide mechanism and draft tube of kaplan turbine runner are similar to those of francis turbine. Therefore, in this article, we can discuss both the kaplan turbine and reaction turbine so that.
Its invention allowed efficient power production in low head. The turbine is located between the highpressure water source and the lowpressure water exit, usually at the base of a. Francis in lowell, massachusetts, mill city usa operate in a water head from 10 to 650 meters 33 to 2,3 feet and are primarily used for. Modern francis turbine is a mixed flow type turbine i. Francis turbine is a combination of both impulse and reaction turbine, where the. Francis 1815 1892 an english born inventor who developed the turbine in the year 1849.
Impulse turbine and reaction turbineprinciple, working and. Differences between francis and kaplan turbines mech4study. In this type of turbine at inlet is in the form of both kinetic as well as pressure energy. Introduction to francis turbine the francis turbine is a mixed flow reaction turbine. Water enters the runner and flows towards the center of the wheel in the radial direction and leaves parallel to the. Guide on how to develop a small hydropower plant esha 2004 photo 6. Francis turbines and most steam turbines use this concept. Kaplan turbine is employed, where a large quantity of water is available. Oct 24, 2016 francis turbine working principle, main parts, diagram and application. Francis turbine is enclosed in a casing, and the blades have special curved features designed to gain optimal performance from the turbine. Turbines are used in boat propulsion systems, hydroelectric power generators, and jet aircraft engines. Dec 18, 2019 the kaplan turbine was an evolution of the francis turbine. Jun 07, 2018 francis turbine works on medium head and medium discharge i. The savonius wind turbine is an aerodynamically drag based, selfstarting turbine with low cut in speed but their inefficiency curtails them to fewer applications, whereas, darrieus wind turbines.
Introduction to turbine machinery university of ljubljana. Water enters the runner of the turbine in the radial direction and leaves the runner in the axial direction. The various main components of francis turbine are. This operates in an entirely closed conduit to tailrace. The invention of kaplan turbine is evolution in the field of hydraulic turbines or we can say that it is the upgrade version of francis turbine. The francis turbine is a reaction turbine, which means that the working fluid changes pressure as it moves through the turbine, giving up its energy. Introduction a turbine is a rotary mechanical device that extracts energy from a fluid flow and converts it into useful work. Francis turbine diagram, working, parts, advantages, applications. Francis turbine its components, working and application. As a result of pressure decrease in the moving blade, a reaction force will be produced. Francis turbine working principle, main parts, diagram and. Kaplan turbine it is an axial flow reaction turbine.
For compressible working fluids, multiple turbine stages are usually used to harness the expanding gas efficiently. Kaplan turbine and francis turbine pdfcomponents, working. Two main kinds of reaction turbines are the propeller and the francis. Overview of a typical powerhouse the powerhouse can also be at the base of an existing dam, where the water arrives via an. The francis turbine is a type of reaction turbine, a category of turbine in which the working fluid comes to the turbine under immense pressure and the energy is extracted by the turbine blades from the working fluid. The runner with buckets is shown in the figure given below. The turbine is located between the high pressure water source and the low pressure water exit, usually at the base of a dam. The water is admitted to the runner through guide vanes or wicket gates.
Kaplan turbine its components, working and application. The runner is completely enclosed that is it is air tight. Also, there are some disadvantages of francis turbine and those are listed below. Francis turbine diagram, working, parts, advantages. Francis turbine is used for the production of electricity in hydro power stations. In the turbine machinery the energy conversion is indirect and always takes place through the change of kinetic energy of the fluid. As a spiral casing is stranded, the runner is not simply available. In francis turbine water flow is radial into the turbine and exits the. It is an inward flow reaction turbine that combines radial and axial flow concepts.
The francis turbine is the most common water turbine used in today. Francis turbine is the first hydraulic turbine with radial inflow. Water enters the turbine through spiral casing, and starts entering the runner blades, passing through stay vanes and guide vanes, as it moves along the length of casing the decreasing crosssection area of the spiral casing makes sure that the pressure energy of water would remain uniform along its length, as a portion of water is also entering the runner blades. It is developed in 19 by the austrian professor viktor kaplan. The turbine is located between the highpressure water source and the lowpressure water exit, usually at the base of a dam. Francis turbine diagram and working mechanical engineering. Francis turbine is a hydraulic and reaction turbine and it is the most preferable hydraulic turbine and it contributes more than 60 percent of hydraulic.
In this lesson, i will discuss the parts, working, efficiency, advantages, disadvantages of a francis turbine, and also give you the pdf. Reaction turbines are better suited to higher flow velocities or applications where the fluid. Francis turbines operate under a water head of 10650 meters and the generator driven by the turbine can give a power output up to 750 mw. Apr 04, 2017 modern francis turbine is a mixed flow type turbine i. The turbine connects to the pumped supply of the hydraulic bench. The turbine is capable of working under a medium range of potential head about.